| Uncertified RA / Final Bills & Coerced NDC | &rupee;10L–&rupee;15Cr+ | Contract Act s.55/70, Ambica / Kalathia Duress Rule | 15d Demand + Immediate NDC Protest | Arbitration s.21 / Commercial Court s.12A |
| Post-DLP Retention Money (5%–10%) | &rupee;5L–&rupee;5Cr | Contract Act s.73/74 & Beneficial Occupation | 15d Release Notice post-DLP | Order 37 CPC / Commercial Summary (O.XIII-A) |
| NHAI, CPWD, PWD, JJM & Municipal Tenders | &rupee;15L–&rupee;50Cr+ | CPC s.80, Art. 226 Writ (Surya Constructions), GCC DRB | 60d CPC s.80 / GCC Engineer-DRB Steps | High Court Writ (Admitted MB) / Arbitral Tribunal |
| Subcontractor ‘Pay-When-Paid’ Holdbacks | &rupee;5L–&rupee;3Cr | Contract Act s.23/46, Ircon Precedent, IBC s.8 (≥&rupee;1Cr) | 15d Reasonable-Time Breach / 10d IBC Form 3 | Commercial Court / s.21 Arbitration / NCLT |
| Divisible Supply POs vs Composite Works | &rupee;3L–&rupee;5Cr | MSMED s.15–18 (Supply Only) vs s.43B(h) Tax Rule | 15–45d Appointed Day + Pre-31 Mar Notice | MSEFC (Supply) / Commercial Court (Works) |
| Prolongation, Extra Items, LD & PBG Threat | &rupee;25L–&rupee;50Cr+ | Contract Act s.55 & s.74 (Kailash Nath), Arb Act s.9 | EOT Reservation + Urgent s.9 BG Stay | Commercial Court (s.9) → Tribunal (s.29A 12m) |
| Unpaid Arbitral Awards (Post-s.34 Filing) | &rupee;10L–&rupee;50Cr+ | Arbitration s.36(3) Deposit, NITI 75% PSU, IBC s.9 | Post-90d Award Window / BG Submission | Execution Court (O.21 Garnishee) / NCLT |